| 姓名 | Yung-Fu Chang, DVM, MS, Ph.D. 張 永 富 | ||
學歷 | DVM-1974 National Pingtung Institute of Agriculture, Taiwan M.S.-1981 University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (Immunology/Pathology) Ph.D. -1984 Texas A&M University, College Station, Postdoc-1984-1989 Texas A&M University,College Station, Texas(Molecular | |||
經歷 | 1974-1979Assistant Pathologist, Veterinary Pathology Division, Taiwan Provincial Research Institute for Animal Health, Taipei, Taiwan 1979-1981Research Assistant and Graduate Student, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 1981-1984Research Assistant and Graduate Student, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1984-1985Research Associate, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1986-1989Assistant Research Scientist, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, College of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1989-1996Assistant Professor and Assistant Director of the Microbiology Section, Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 1996-2002Associate Professor and Assistant Director of the Microbiology Section, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 2003 Visiting Professor, Department of Infectious disease and Medicine, College. Jan–Jul of Medicine, Stanford University. Stanford, California 2003-present Professor, Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, and Director of infectious disease Laboratory, New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York | |||
現職 | 國立屏東科技大學 獸醫學院 講座教授(2011.8~迄今） Professor of Molecular Microbiology, Director, Infectious Disease research Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center | |||
專長 | Microbiology, Bacteriology, Disease Pathogenesis, Genomics, Infectious Diseases | |||
個人網頁 | https://biology.cornell.edu/research/rfindiv.php?id=%20yc42 | |||
曾獲得之 學術榮譽 | Beta Rho Chapter of Phi Sigma National Honor Society Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Microbiologist The Society of Phi Zeta Who’s Who in America? Won second prize for a paper from the American Lyme Disease Association, 1997 | |||
通訊錄 | 地址 | Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences | ||
電話 | 607-253-3675 | |||
傳真 | 607-253-3943 | |||
yc42@cornell.edu | ||||
A. ESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1974-1979 Assistant Pathologist, Veterinary Pathology Division, Taiwan Provincial Research Institute for Animal Health, Taiwan 1984-1985 Research Associate, Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1986-1987 Assistant Research Scientist, Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1987-1989 Assistant Research Scientist, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1989-1996 Assistant Professor, Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 1996-2003 Associate Professor, Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 2003-present Professor, Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 2003(Jan. to July). Visiting Professor, Infectious disease and Medicine, College of Medicine, Stanford University. Stanford, California. PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES: Society of Sigma Xi, American Society for Microbiology, Society of PHi Zeta, International leptospiral Society. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. RESEARCH INTERESTS: Molecular biology of infectious disease; DNA, recombinant subunit and attenuated mutant vaccine development; molecular basis of bacterial pathogenesis; immunopathology of infectious disease; host defense mechanisms; functional genomics and proteomics; molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases. PATENTS : Ehrlichia canis genes and vaccines. US patent no: 7,951,386 B2. Yung-Fu Chang; Compositions for eliciting an immune response against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. US Patent no: 7, 732,580,B2 & 7,858,102 B2,European patent No: 1,855,716, and Chinese Patent No. CN 101155596 B. Yung-Fu Chang; Protective coating for array material depositions. US Patent no. 7,781,378, B2. Reid N. Orth, M. Lin, T. C. Clark, Yung-Fu Chang, Harold G. Craighead, Jose Manuel Morqan-Mirabal; Immunogenic proteins of Leptospira. US Patent no. US 7,655,427. B2 and US 8,168.207 B2. Yung-Fu Chang and Raghavan U. M. Palaniappan. Method of treating Clostridium difficile infection or its associated symptoms. Linfeng Huang, Yung-Fu Chang,Yingxue Li, Yutian Ren, Wei Xu. US 11,318,154 B2. B. Selected peer-reviewed publications (in chronological order): (Selected papers out of 290) Chang, Y. F., R. Young., D. Post, and D. K. Struck. 1987. Identification and characterization of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin. Infect. Immun. 55: 2348-2354. Chang, Y. F., R. Young, and D. K. Struck. 1989. Cloning and characterization of a hemolysin gene from Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae DNA &Cell biology: 8: 635-647. Cruz, W.T., R. Young, Y. F. Chang, and D.K. Struck. 1990. Deletion analysis resolves cell-binding and lytic domains of the Pasteurella leukotoxin. Mol. Microbiol. 4: 1933-1939. Chang, Y. F., R. Young, and D.K. Struck. 1991. The Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae determinant: unlinked appCA and appBD loci flanked by pseudogenes. J. Bacteriol. 173: 5151-5158. McWhinney, D.R., Y. F. Chang, R.Young, and D. K.Struck. 1992 Separable domains define target cell specificities of the RTX hemolysin from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 174: 291-297. Appel, M. J.G., S. Allan, R. H. Jacobson, T.L. Lauderdale, Y. F. Chang, S. J. Shin, J. Thomford, R. Todhunter, and B. A. Summers. 1993. Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produced arthritis and persistent infection. J. Infect. Dis. 167: 651-664. Chang, Y. F., D. P. Ma, J. Shi, and M. M. Chengappa. 1993. Molecular characterization of a leukotoxin gene from a Pasteurella haemolytica-like organism, encoding a new member of RTX family. Infect. Immun. 61: 2089-2095. Chang, Y. F., J. Shi, D. P. Ma, S. J. Shin, and D. H. Lein. 1993. Molecular analysis of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae RTX toxin-III gene cluster. DNA. Cell Biol. 12: 351-362. Chang, Y. F., M. J. Appel, R. H. Jacobson, S. J. Shin, P. Harpending, R. Straubinger, L. A. Patrican, H. Mohammed, and B. A. Summers. 1995. Recombinant OspA protects dogs against infection and disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect. Immun. 63: 3543-3549. Chang, Y. F., R. Straubinger, R. H. Jacobson, J. B. Kim, T. J. Kim, D. Kim, S. J. Shin, and M. J. G. Appel. 1996. Dissemination of Borrelia burdorferi after experimental infection in dogs. J. Spiro. Tick-Borne Dis. 3: 80-86. Straubinger, R. K., A. F. Straubinger, L. Harter, R. H. Jacobson, Y. F. Chang, B. A. Summers, H. N. Erb, and M. J. G. Appel. 1997. Borrelia burgdorferi migration and proliferation causes up-regulation of interleukin-8 in synovial membranes of experimentally infected dogs. Infect. Immun. 65: 1273-1285. Straubinger, R. K., B. A. Summers, Y. F. Chang, and M. J. G. Appel. 1997. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 111-116. Straubinger, R. K., A. F. Straubinger, R. H. Jacobson, Y. F. Chang, B. A. Summers, H. N. Erb, and M. J. G. Appel. 1997. Two lessons from the canine model of Lyme disease: migration of Borrelia burgdorferi in tissue and persistence after antibiotic treatment. J. Spiro.Tick-Borne Dis. 3: 24-31. McDonough P. L., R. H. Jacobson, J. F. Timoney, A. Mutalib, D. C. Kradel, Y. F. Chang, S. J. Shin, D. H. Lein, S. Trock, and K. Wheeler. 1998. Interpretations of antibody responses to Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis gm flagellin in poultry flocks are enhanced by a Kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5: 550-555. Chang, Y. F., V. Novosel, S. P. McDonough, R. H. Jacobson, C. F. Chang, T. Divers, F. W. Quimby, S. Shin, and D. H. Lein. 1999. Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) in horses. Vaccine 18: 540-548. Chang, Y. F., S. P. McDonough, K.S. Shin, C. F. Chang, and T. Divers. 2000. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent (HGE) infection in a pony vaccinated with recombinant OspA vaccine and challenged by exposure to naturally infected ticks. Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol. 7: 68-71. Simpson, K.W., D. Strauss-Ayali, E. Scanziani, R. K. Straubinger, P. L. McDonough, A.F. Straubinger, Y. F. Chang, C. Domeneghini, N. Arebi, and J. Calm. 2000. Helicobacter felis infection is associated with lymphpoid follicular hyperplasia and mild gastritis but normal gastric secretory function in cats. Infect. Immun. 68: 779-790. Simpson, K.W., D. Strauss-Ayali, E. Scanziani, R. K. Straubinger, P. L. McDonough, A. F. Straubinger, Y. F. Chang, M. Esteves, J. G. Fox, C. Domeneghini, N. Arebi, and J. Calam. 2001. Gastric secretory function in cats with Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 6: 1-14. Raghavan, P. U. M., Y. F. Chang, S. S. D. Jusuf, S. Artiushin, J. F. Timoney, S. P. McDonough, S. C. Barr, T. J. Divers, P. McDonough, K. W. Simpson, and H. Mohammed. 2002. Cloning and molecular characterization of an immunogenic LigA of Leptospira interrogans. Infect. Immun. 70:5924-5930. Teng, C.H., R. U.M. Palaniappan, and Y. F. Chang. 2003. Cloning and characterization of an Ehrlichia canis gene encoding a protein localized to the morula membrane. Infect. Immun. 71:2218-2225. Palaniappan, R. U., Y. F. Chang, F. Hassan, S.P. McDonough, M. Pough, S.C. Barr, K. W. Simpson, H. O. Mohammed, S. Shin, P. McDonough, R. Zuerner, J. Qu, & B. Roe. 2004. Expression of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein from Leptospiral interrogans and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in kinetic enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. J. Med. Microbiol. 53: 975-84. Palaniappan, R. U., Y. F. Chang, C. F. Chang, M. J. Pan, C. W. Yang, P. Harpending, S. P. McDonough, E. Dubovi, J. Qu, B. Roe and T. Divers. 2005. Evaluation of lig-based conventional and real time PCR for the detection of pathogenic leptospires. Mol. Cell. Probes 19:111-117. Shin, S.J., C.F. Chang, C. C. Chang, S. P. McDonough, B. Thompson, H.S. Yoo, and Y. F. Chang. 2005. In vitro cellular immune response to recombinant antigens of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 73:5074-5085. Ku, Y.W., S. P. McDonough, R.U.M. Palaniappan, C. F. Chang, Y. F. Chang. 2005. Identification and characterization of in vivo attenuated mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis using signature-tagged mutagenesis in a pig infection model. Infect. Immun. 73:8194-8203. Raghavan, P. U. M., S. P. McDonough, T. J. Divers, C. S. Chen, M.J. Pan, M. Matsumoto and Y. F. Chang. 2006. Immunoprotection of recombinant leptospiral immunoglobulin like A protein (LigA) against Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona infection. Infect. Immun. 74:1745-1750. Palaniappan, R. U., Y. Zhang, D. Chiu, A. Torres, C. DebRoy, T. S. Whittam and Y. F. Chang. 2006. Differentiation of Escherichia coli pathotypes by oligonucleotide spotted array. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:1495-1501. Palaniappan, R. U., S. Ramanujam and Y. F. Chang. 2007. Leptospirosis: Pathogenesis, Immunity, and Diagnosis. Current Opinion Infect. Dis. 20:284-292. Lin, Y.P. and Y. F. Chang. 2007. A domain of the Leptospira LigB contributes to high binding of fibronectin. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 362:443-448. Chang, Y.F., C. S. Chen, R. U.M. Palaniappan, S. P. McDonough, W. Yang, M. J. Pan, and C. F. Chang. 2007. Immunogenicity and protection of the recombinant leptospiral immunogenic proteins as vaccine candidates. Vaccine 25: 8190-8197. Faisal, S.M., W. Yan, C. S. Chen, R. U.M. Palaniappan, S. P. McDonough, and Y. F. Chang. 2008. Evaluation of protective immunity of Leptospira immunoglobulin like protein A (LigA) DNA vaccine against challenge in hamsters. Vaccine, 26:277-287. Chen, L. H., K. Kathaperumal, C. J. Huang, S. P. McDonough, S. Stehman, B. Akey, J. Huntley, C.F. Chang and Y. F. Chang. 2008. Immune responses in mice to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis following vaccination with a novel 74F recombinant polyprotein. Vaccine 26:1253-1262. Kathaperumal, K., S. U. Park, S. P. McDonough, S. Stehman, B. Akey, J. Huntley, S. Wong, L. H. Chen, C.-F. Chang and Y. F. Chang. 2008. Vaccination with recombinant Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins induces differential immune responses and protects calves against infection by oral challenge. Vaccine, 26:1652-1663. Scaria, S., P. U. M. Palaniappan, D. Chiu, J.A. Phan, L. Ponnala, P. McDonough, Y. T. Grohn, S. Porwollik, M. McClelland, C.S. Chiou, C. Chu and Y. F. Chang. 2008. Microarray for molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovars. Mol. Cell. Probes 22:238-243. Park, S.U., K. Kathaperumal, S. McDonough, B. Akey, J. Huntley, J. P. Bannantine and Y.F. Chang. 2008. Immunization with a DNA vaccine cocktail induces a Th1 response and protects mice against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vaccine 26:4329-4337. Lin, Y.P. R. Raman, Y. Sharma, and Y. F. Chang. 2008. Calcium binds to Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein, LigB and modulates fibronectin-binding. J. Biol. Chem. 283:25140-25148. Scaria, J., A. Sreedharan, and Y. F. Chang. 2008. Microbial Diagnostic Array Workstation (MDAW): A web server for diagnostic array data storage, sharing and analysis. Source Code Biol. Med. 3:14-18. Kathaperumal, K,, V. Kumanan, S. McDonough, L. H. Chen, S. U. Park, M. A. Moreira, B. Akey, J. Huntley, C. F. Chang, and Y. F. Chang. 2009. Evaluation of immune responses and protective efficacy in a goat model following immunization with a coctail of recombinant antigens and a polyprotein of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vaccine 27:123-135. Faisal, S.M., W. Yan, S. P. McDonough, and Y. F. Chang. 2009. Leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein A variable region (LigAvar) incorporated in Liposomes and PLGA-Microspheres produces a robust immune response correlating to protective immunity. Vaccine 27:378-387. Yan, W., S. M. Faisal, S. P. McDonough, T. J. Divers, S. C. Barr, M. J. Pan, C. F. Chang and Y.F. Chang. 2009. Recombinant Leptospira Immunoglobulin-Like Protein B (rLigB) protects hamsters against lethal Leptospira interrogans infection. Microbes Infect.11:230-237. Janvilisri T., J. Scaria, A. Thompson, A. Nicholson, B. Limbargo, L. G. Arroyo, J. G. Songer, Y. T. Grohn, and Y. F. Chang. 2009. Microarray identification of Clostridium difficile core components and divergent regions associated with host origin. J. Bacteriol. 191:3881-3891. Lin Y.P., D.W. Lee, S. P. McDonough, L. K. Nicholson, Y. Sharma, and Y. F. Chang.2009. Repeated domains of leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins interact with elastin and tropoelastin. J. Biol. Chem. 284:19380-19391. Lin Y.P., A. Greenwood, L. K. Nickolson, Y. Sharma, S. P.McDonough, and Y. F. Chang. 2009. Fibronectin binds to and induces conformational change in a disordered region of Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein B. J. Biol. Chem. 284:23547-23557. Lin Y.P., A. Greenwood, L. W. Yan, K. Nickolson, Y. Sharma, S. P.McDonough, and Y. F. Chang. 2009. A novel fibronectin type III modules binding motif identified on C-terminus of Leptospiral Immunoglobulin-like protein, LigB. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 389:57-62. Faisal, S.M., W. Yan, S. P. McDonough, and Y. F. Chang. 2009. Immune response and prophylactic efficacy of smegmosomes in a hamster model of leptospirosis. Vaccine, 27:6129-6136. Faisal, S.M., W. Yan, S. P. McDonough, M. J. Pan, C. F. Chang and Y. F. Chang. 2009. Leptosome-associated antigens conferred significantly higher levels of protection against leptospirosis in hamsters compared to those associated with conventional liposomes. Vaccine, 27:6537-6545. Chiou C.S., J. M. Lin, C. H. Chiu, C. H. Chu, S. W. Chen, Y. F. Chang, B. C. Weng, J. G. Tsay, C.L. Chen, C. H. Liu and C. Chu. 2009. Clonal dissemination of the multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Braenderup, but not the serovar Bareilly, of prevalent serogroup C1 Salmonella from Taiwan. BMC Microbiol. 9:264. Janvilisri T., J. Scaria, R. Gleed, S. Fubini, M. M. Bonkosky, Y. T. Grohn, and Y. F. Chang. 2010. Development of a microarray for identification of pathogenic Clostridium species. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 66:140-147. Yan, W., S. M. Faisal, S. P. McDonough, C. F. Chang, M. J. Pan, and Y.F. Chang. 2010. Identification and characterization of OmpA-like proteins as novel vaccine candidates for Leptospirosis. Vaccine. 28:2277-2283. Janvilisri T., J. Scaria, and Y. F. Chang. 2010. Transcriptional profiling of Clostridium difficile and Caco-2 cells during infection. J. Infect. Dis. 202:282-290. Lin Y.P., S. P. McDonough, Y. Sharma and Y.F. Chang. 2010. The terminal immunoglobulin-like repeats of LigA and LigB of Leptospira enhance their binding to gelatin binding domain of fibronectin and host cells. Plos one: 5:e11301. Scaria, J., L.D Warnick, J. B. Kaneene, K. May, C. H. Teng and Y. F. Chang. 2010. Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial profiles in Eschericia coli and Salmonella enterica from the same dairy cattle farms. Mole. Cell. Probes. 24:325-45. Scaria, J., L. Ponnala, T. Janvilisri, W. Yan, L. A. Mueller and Y. F. Chang. 2010. Analysis of Ultra Low Genome Conservation in Clostridium difficile. PLoS One. 5: e15147. Rama, R., V. Rajanikanth, R. U. M. Palaniappan, Y.P. Lin, H. He, S. P. McDonough, Y. Sharma and Y. F. Chang. 2010. Big Domains are Novel Ca2+-binding Modules: Evidences from Big Domains of Leptospira immunoglobulin-like (Lig) Proteins. PLoS One. e14377. Lin, Y.P., C. J. Kuo, X. Koleci, S. P. McDonough, and Y. F. Chang. 2011. Manganese binds to Clostrdium difficile Fbp68 and is essential for fibronectin binding. J. Biol. Chem. 286:3957-3969, 2011. Lin, Y.P., S. P. McDonough, Y. Sharma, and Y. F. Chang. 2011. Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein (LigB) binds to the C-teminal fibrinogen αC domain inhibiting fibrin clot formation, platelet adhesion, and aggregation. Mol. Microbiol. 79:1063-1076. Faisal S.M, J. W. Chen, S.P. McDonough, C.F. Chang, C.H. Teng, and Y.F. Chang. 2011. Immunostimulatory and antigen delivery properties of liposomes made up of total polar lipids from non-pathogenic bacteria leads to efficient induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Vaccine 29:2381-2391. Scaria J., T. Janvilisri, S. Fubini, R. D. Gleed, S. P. McDonough, and Y.F. Chang. 2011. Clostridium difficile transcriptome analysis using pig ligated loop model reveals modulation of pathways not modulated in vitro. J. Infect. Dis. 203:1613-1620. Cao Y, S.M. Faisal,W. Yan, Y.C. Chang,S. P. McDonough,N. Zhang, B. L.Akey, and Y. F. Chang. 2011. Evaluation of novel fusion proteins derived from extracellular matrix binding domains of LigB as vaccine candidates against leptospirosis in a hamster model. Vaccine. 29:7379-86 Liu B, Mehmood K, Nabi F, Chang YF, Tang Z, Li Y, Zhang H. 2021. Mosquito-Borne Infectious Diseases in China, 2019. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 1:102050. Chen J.W, S. M.Faisal, S. Chandra, S. P. McDonough, M. A. Moreira, J. Scaria, C. F. Chang, J. P. Bannantine, B. Akey B, and Y. F. Chang. 2012 Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis attenuated mutants against challenge in a mouse model. Vaccine. 30:3015-3025. Kuo C.J, H. Bell, C. L. Hsieh, C. P. Ptak, and Y. F. Chang. 2012. The novel Mycobacteria antigen 85 complex binding motif on Fibronectin. J Biol Chem. 287:1892-1902. Mao BH, Chang YF, Scaria J, Chang CC, Chou LW, Tien N, Wu JJ, Tseng CC, Wang MC, Chang CC, Hsu YM, Teng CH. 2012. Identification of Escherichia coli genes associated with urinary tract infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:449-456. Chen, J.W., J. Scaria and Y. F. Chang. 2012. Phenotypic and transcriptomic response of auxotrophic Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis leuD mutant under environmental stress. PLoS one. 7:e37884. Janvilisri, T., J. Scaria, C. H. Teng, S. P. McDonough, R. D. Gleed, S. L Fubini, S. Zhang, B. L. Akey, Y.F. Chang. 2012. Temporal differential proteomes of Clostridium difficile in the pig ileal-ligated loop model. PLoS one. 7: e45608. Chandra S., S. M. Faisal, J. W. Chen, T.T. Chen, S. P. McDonough, S. Liu, M. A. P. Moreira, B. L. Akey, C. F. Chang, and Y.F. Chang. 2012. Immune response and protective efficacy of live attenuated Salmonella vaccine expressing antigens of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis against challenge in mice. Vaccine, 31:242-251 Stabel, J.R., A, Barnhill, J. P. Bannantine, Y. F. Chang, and M. A. Osman. 2012. Evaluation of protection in a mouse model after vaccination with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculois protein cocktails. Vaccine, 31(1):127-34. Faisal S.M., S. P. McDonough, and Y.F. Chang. 2012. Chapter 8. Leptospira: Strategies for evasion of host immunity and persistence. In the Pathogenic Spirochetes: strategies for evasion of host immunity and persistence. Edited by and published by Springer Science and Business Media. Kuo, C. J., C. P. Ptak, C.L. Hsieh, B. L. Akey, and Y. F. Chang. 2013. Elastin, a Novel Extracellular Matrix Protein Adhering to Mycobacteria Antigen 85 Complex. J. Biol. Chem. 288:3886-3896. Chen J.W., J. Scaria, C. Mao, B. Sobral, S. Zhang, T. Lawley, and Y. F. Chang. 2013. Proteomic comparison of historic and recently emerged hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains. J Proteome Res. 12:1151-1161. Faisal S.M., J. W. Chen1, F. Yan, T. T. Chen, N. M. Useh, W. Yan, S. Guo, S.J. Wang, A. L. Glaser, S. P. McDonough, B. Singh, W. C. Davis, B. L. Akey, and Y. F. Chang. 2013. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis leuD mutant as vaccine candidate against challenge in a caprine model. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 20:572-591. Yan, W., M. H. Saleem, P. McDonough, S. P. McDonough,T. J. Divers, Y. F. Chang. 2013. Development of an ELISA using recombinant LigACon4-7.5 as antigen for the diagnosis of equine leptospirosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 20:1143-1149. Raman, R., C. P. Ptak, C. L. Hsieh, R. E. Oswald, Y. F. Chang and Y. Sharma.2013. The Perturbation of Tryptophan Fluorescence by Phenylalanine to Alanine Mutations Identifies the Hydrophobic Core in a Subset of Bacterial Ig-like Domains. Biochemistry. 52:4589-4591. Faisal, S. M., Y. Falong, T.T. Chen, N. Useh, S. Guo, W,Yan, S. J. Wang, A. L. Glaser, S. P. McDonough, B. Singh, and Y. F. Chang. 2013. Evaluation of a Salmonella vectored vaccine expressing Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens against challenge in a goat model. PLoS One. e70171. Scaria, J., C. Mao, J. W. Chen, S, P. McDonough, B. Sobral, Y.F. Chang. 2013. Differential stress transcriptome landscape of historic and recently emerged hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile strains determined using RNA-seq. PLoS One. e78489. Ye , C., W, Yan, P. L. McDonough, S. P. McDonough, H. Mohamed, T. J. Divers, Y. F. Chang, and Z. Yang. 2014. Serodiagnosis of equine leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using four recombinant protein markers. Clin Vaccine Immunol 21:478-83. Scaria, J., J. W. Chen, N. Useh, H. He, S. P. McDonough, C. Mao, B. Sobral, and Y.F. Chang. 2014. Comparative nutritional and chemical phenome of Clostridium difficile isolates determined using phenotype microarrays. Intl. J. Infect. Dis. 27:20-25. Pereira, A.M., C. G. M. Pinheiro, N. C. Teixeira, Y. F. Chang, L. C. Pontes-de-Carvalho, and G. G. Oliveira. 2014. Requirement of dual stimulation by homologous recombinant IL-12 and recombinant L-12 for the in vitro production of interferon gamma by canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Res. Notes. 7:460-469. Bannantine, J. P., J. L. Everman, S. J. Rose, L. Babrak, R. Katani, R. G. Barletta, A. M. Talaat, Y. T. Gröhn, Y. F. Chang, V. Kapur and L. E. Bermudez. 2014. Evaluation of eight live attenuated vaccine candidates for protection against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in mice. Frontiers in Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 4 (88):1-8. Bannantine, J.P., M. E. Hines II, L. E. Bermudez, A. M. Talaat, S. Sreevatsan, J. R. Stabel1, Y.F. Chang, P. M. Coussens, R. G. Barletta, W. C. Davis, D. M. Collins, Y. T. Gröhn and V. Kapur. 2014. A Rationale Framework for Evaluating the Next Generation of Vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Frontiers in Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 4(88):1-11. Kunjantarachot, A., W. Yan, S. P. McDonough, S. 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